Stefan Lindgren, Sweden and Maria Cappellini, Italy Anemia is the result of a decrease in the level of hemoglobin and too few circulating red blood cells, resulting in poor oxygen delivery to tissues and organs in the body. Anemia may therefore lead to lack of physical and mental capacity, tiredness, loss of breath during physical effort and several other symptoms. In addition, the reason behind anemia may cause additional symptoms from various organ systems. Anemia is a major global health problem with severe consequences for millions of people, particularly young and pregnant women. Moreover, anemia in the elderly though often mild, is quite common and independently associated with important clinical outcomes including decreased quality of life, risk of falls and fractures, cognitive decline, increased length of hospital stay and even mortality. It is often difficult to dissect the cause(s) of anemia in the elderly which is typically multifactorial and a limited diagnostic approach often leads to categorization of the anemia as “unexplained”. The principal mechanisms behind anemia are failure to produce red blood cells due to diseases in the bone marrow, lack of essential components of hemoglobin such as iron, folic acid and vitamin B 12, shorter survival of red […]